Tokenized Stocks Explained

To create a tokenized stock, providers use one of two main approaches: custodial backing or synthetic replication.

In the common custodial model, a financial institution buys or holds the actual shares of a company and then issues crypto tokens that are each backed 1:1 by those shares . The tokens are essentially digital IOUs for the real stocks held in custody. For instance, a firm might hold 100 shares of Tesla in a reserve and issue 100 “Tesla tokens” on a blockchain.

Holders of those tokens have a right to the value (and sometimes certain benefits) of the Tesla shares, while the custodian ensures the tokens are fully collateralized by real stock. In some cases, if you accumulate enough tokens, you could redeem them for the actual shares (depending on the platform’s rules).

An alternative approach is synthetic tokens, where the token tracks the stock’s price without an actual share being held (similar to a contract-for-difference or CFD). This might be done via algorithms or collateralized debt positions in decentralized finance. However, today’s major platforms mostly use the fully backed model with licensed entities to stay compliant .

In practice, when you trade a tokenized stock, you interact with it just like a cryptocurrency – using a crypto exchange or wallet, while behind the scenes a broker or trust manages the real shares. This setup enables novel possibilities, like using a tokenized stock as collateral in a lending protocol or swapping it directly for Bitcoin, which would be impractical with a traditional stock in a brokerage account.

Advantages of Tokenized Stocks

Tokenizing stocks offers several potential benefits over traditional stock trading.

Extended Trading Hours and Around-the-Clock Access

Traditional stock exchanges operate within set hours, such as 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. U.S. Eastern Time on weekdays. In contrast, tokenized stocks allow trading nearly all the time, much like cryptocurrencies. Some platforms currently support 24/5 trading during the workweek, with the goal of expanding to full 24/7 availability. This extended access enables investors to respond to breaking news or manage their portfolios during evenings and weekends, rather than waiting for the next market session.

Global Access and Fractional Ownership

Tokenized stocks use public blockchains to make equities accessible to investors worldwide, regardless of geographic barriers. For example, a person in Asia or Europe can purchase a token tied to a U.S. stock like Tesla without needing a U.S. brokerage account. Many platforms support fractional ownership, allowing users to buy small portions of high-priced stocks. While traditional brokers have also adopted fractional trading, blockchain tokens make it more fluid and transferable between platforms. This type of access helps lower entry barriers and broadens participation in global equity markets.

Faster Settlement and Lower Transaction Costs

Tokenized stock trades can settle almost instantly on the blockchain, bypassing the typical T+2 settlement delay used in traditional stock markets. Blockchains remove the need for clearinghouses by confirming ownership within seconds. Advocates argue this reduces reliance on intermediaries and lowers transaction costs. Some crypto exchanges advertise minimal gas fees and zero brokerage commissions for trading stock tokens. These improvements can enhance liquidity and efficiency, especially for users accustomed to the speed of crypto trading.

Integration with DeFi and Expanded Use Cases

Once tokenized, stocks become programmable assets that can interact with the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem. Investors can use these tokens as collateral for loans, provide them to liquidity pools, or trade them on decentralized exchanges. For instance, one project acquires real stocks and mints equivalent tokens (bSTOCK), which users can deploy in automated market makers or pair with stablecoins. This integration supports innovative financial strategies, such as earning yield or engaging in crypto-equity arbitrage. These possibilities do not exist with conventional stocks held through traditional brokers.

Direct Ownership and Transparent Recordkeeping

Tokenized stocks record ownership directly on public blockchains. This creates a transparent system where anyone can verify transactions. Blockchain-based ownership also relies on cryptographic security rather than internal brokerage records, which may reduce certain counterparty risks. In addition, companies could use tokenization to raise capital more directly from investors, potentially cutting out some intermediaries. While this idea raises legal considerations, it also points toward a more open and flexible model for equity trading.

Disadvantages and Risks of Tokenized Stocks

Despite the excitement, tokenized stocks come with significant drawbacks and risks when compared to regular stocks.

No Shareholder Rights

When investors hold tokenized stocks, they usually do not receive the same rights as actual shareholders. These tokens often function as synthetic derivatives rather than true shares. As a result, holders lack voting power in shareholder meetings and may not receive dividends unless the token issuer chooses to distribute them. For example, Robinhood’s stock tokens in Europe are legally defined as derivatives. Although a broker holds real shares to back the tokens, the token holder does not directly own those shares. In one case, Robinhood issued tokens that tracked private companies like SpaceX and OpenAI, giving investors price exposure without any equity ownership. OpenAI condemned the offering as unauthorized and potentially illegal. This lack of direct ownership can deter investors who want the legal rights and protections associated with actual shares.

Counterparty and Custodial Risk

Tokenized stock investors must place trust in the issuer and the custodian. The value of the token depends entirely on the assurance that a real share backs it. If the entity holding those shares fails, mismanages reserves, or acts dishonestly, token holders may end up with worthless tokens and no legal claim to the underlying stock. Critics often describe tokenized stocks as mere wrappers. Investors rely on a chain of intermediaries to preserve the token’s value, which introduces risks not present with traditional stock ownership. When investors buy stocks through a brokerage, they typically receive protections from regulation and insurance. With tokenized stocks, however, they take on the credit risk of whichever company manages the tokenization process.

Liquidity and Pricing Challenges

Although 24/7 trading appeals to many, actual liquidity for tokenized stocks can disappear outside regular market hours. This can lead to unusual pricing behavior or volatility. Market makers struggle to hedge positions when the underlying stock exchanges are closed, which causes wider spreads and erratic price movements during nights and weekends. In some cases, low trading volumes make it difficult to enter or exit positions without significantly affecting the price. For less popular tokens, the liquidity risk can exceed that of many smaller cryptocurrencies. Additional costs also arise. Some tokens rely on price bridges or intermediary pricing methods that increase trading fees. When factoring in these costs, trading a tokenized stock may become more expensive than using a traditional broker. These frictions may discourage retail traders, who tend to prefer the deeper liquidity and tighter spreads available in conventional markets.

Regulatory Uncertainty, Especially in the United States

Tokenized stocks exist in a legal gray area in many parts of the world. Because these tokens represent securities, regulators have begun examining them closely. In the United States, most retail investors cannot legally access tokenized stock trading under current rules. The SEC classifies these tokens as securities, which require registration and full compliance with securities laws. This is why platforms like Kraken, Bybit, and Robinhood have limited access to non-U.S. users. There is a real possibility that regulators could penalize token providers for running unregistered exchanges or selling unapproved securities. Such actions might result in sudden trading halts or forced unwinding of investor positions. Robinhood, for instance, offers its tokenized stocks to EU customers under supervision from the Bank of Lithuania, highlighting how U.S. regulation remains uncertain and restrictive. Until laws evolve, providers must operate cautiously, and any enforcement could quickly reshape the market. U.S. investors might find themselves holding assets they cannot legally trade.

Technical and Security Risks

Tokenized stocks depend on complex software systems and smart contracts. A flaw or vulnerability in the code could expose investors to significant risks. Blockchain transactions are usually irreversible, so mistakes like sending tokens to the wrong address or losing access to a wallet can result in permanent loss. If a platform suffers a cyberattack—such as hackers draining reserves or manipulating pricing mechanisms—investors may not recover their funds. The legal system has not yet tested liability in such situations. Traditional investor protections, including insurance or fraud safeguards, often do not apply in these environments. As a result, investors in tokenized stocks face higher levels of operational and security risk than those in regulated financial markets.

Who Is Offering Tokenized Stocks?

Interest in tokenized equities has surged, and both crypto-native exchanges and traditional fintech companies are now offering tokenized stocks. In 2025, several major platforms rolled out tokenized stock trading for their users.

Crypto Exchanges Take the Lead

Leading crypto exchanges quickly embraced tokenized stocks. In June 2025, Kraken and Bybit launched a product called “xStocks,” offering more than 60 U.S. stocks and ETFs as tokenized assets. Backed Finance, a Swiss firm, created these tokens and issued them on the Solana blockchain. The selection includes blue-chip stocks like Apple, Tesla, NVIDIA, and index ETFs.

KuCoin promptly followed by adding support for the same stock tokens, while Bitget enabled users to deposit and withdraw them like any other crypto asset. However, all of these platforms restrict access to U.S. users due to regulatory constraints and instead focus on international traders.

Mainstream Retail Brokers Enter the Market

Popular retail trading platforms also entered the tokenized stock market, particularly outside the United States. In mid-2025, Robinhood announced plans to offer over 200 tokenized stocks and ETFs to customers in Europe. These tokens are built on an Ethereum Layer-2 (Arbitrum), allowing users to trade major U.S. equities with zero commissions and 24/5 availability. The move marked a strong endorsement of tokenized equities and triggered a rise in Robinhood’s stock price.

eToro also expanded its stock trading services to 24/5 and announced plans to issue tokenized equities on Ethereum. The company aims to support continuous 24/7 markets by the end of 2025.

Crypto-Focused Startups and Traditional Finance Join In

Several fintech startups are specializing in tokenized assets. In 2025, Gemini partnered with Dinari, a FINRA-approved startup, to offer “dShares”: blockchain-based representations of U.S. stocks like MicroStrategy (MSTR)—to non-U.S. users. Dinari’s platform operates under regulatory approvals and serves as a compliant bridge between U.S. equities and crypto tokens. This model hints at how the sector might expand if regulators become more supportive.

Traditional finance players are also watching the space closely. Broker CMC Markets signaled its interest in tokenized assets through its new platform CMC Invest (CapX), showing that institutional attention toward this market is growing.

Earlier Attempts

It’s notable that this concept isn’t entirely new, there have been earlier attempts to offer tokenized stocks. For example, Binance launched a tokenized stock service in 2021 (listing a few stocks like Tesla), but it was short-lived and shut down after a few months amid regulatory pressure . The now-defunct FTX exchange also offered tokenized stocks through a partnership with a European firm, allowing trading of U.S. stock tokens until FTX’s collapse in 2022. These early efforts taught the industry that regulatory compliance and transparent backing are critical. The current wave (circa 2025) is differentiating itself by working with licensed entities in crypto-friendly jurisdictions (like Switzerland, Germany, and Lithuania) to ensure the tokens are properly backed and legally structured .

Regulatory Environment in 2025 (U.S. Focus)

Regulation remains the thorniest issue for tokenized stocks, especially in the United States. As of August 2025, U.S. regulators continue to adopt a cautious stance. U.S. securities laws declare that if something walks and talks like a stock, it is a stock and must follow the same rules. Since tokenized stocks clearly represent investments in company equity, regulators like the SEC classify them as securities. As a result, any platform that wants to offer tokenized stocks to U.S. investors must register as a securities exchange or broker and comply with a range of regulations (KYC/AML, reporting, investor protections, etc.).

So far, no major U.S. retail trading platform has offered tokenized stocks to the general public under existing rules. Platforms that do offer them, such as Kraken and Bybit – block U.S. customers explicitly and run the service through foreign entities.

Europe: A More Welcoming Climate

In contrast, Europe and other international regulators have taken a more accommodating approach in 2025. The European Union, for example, has been building regulatory frameworks that support security tokens and do not impose accredited-investor restrictions. That’s why companies like Robinhood have launched in the EU (under a Lithuanian crypto license), and Swiss-based firms like Backed Finance issue stock tokens. These jurisdictions offer a clearer legal path.

Switzerland’s financial regulators have created specific guidelines for tokenized securities, turning the country into a hub for such innovation. In the EU, new regulations like MiCA are taking effect. While these primarily target cryptocurrencies and stablecoins, they also signal a willingness to integrate tokenized financial instruments into the regulatory system.

The U.S.: Slow Progress and Legal Limbo

Meanwhile, U.S. progress lags behind. In June 2025, Coinbase, a major U.S. crypto exchange announced it had been seeking SEC approval to offer tokenized stock trading. Coinbase’s Chief Legal Officer described it as a “huge priority,” aiming to tap into a new market. But securing approval remains an uphill battle. Coinbase would either need to convince the SEC to create new rules or carve out exceptions or operate within existing securities laws by limiting trading to accredited investors or using an alternative trading system.

As of August 2025, the SEC has not granted approval and has not released specific guidance on tokenized stocks. The SEC’s main public commentary warns that many crypto offerings may qualify as unregistered securities. It continues to take enforcement actions against crypto products it deems unlawful.

Regulatory Uncertainty: A Double-Edged Sword

This uncertainty both hinders adoption in major markets like the U.S. and highlights the need for clearer rules if tokenized stocks are to thrive. Regulators worry that tokenized stocks might bypass key investor protections, such as offering stocks without disclosures or enabling private equity trading without oversight. Until they resolve these issues, most tokenized stock providers will focus on more crypto-friendly jurisdictions, while U.S. investors largely remain on the sidelines (unless they pursue risky and complex workarounds).

The Market Potential: Massive Growth on the Horizon

Experts project that tokenizing real-world assets, including equities, will experience exponential growth over the next decade. Analysts estimate the market for tokenized assets could jump from $0.6 trillion in 2025 to as much as $18–24 trillion by 2033. Tokenized stocks could claim a large share of that, especially if even a small portion of the global equity market moves on-chain. These forecasts like the Boston Consulting Group’s reflect a strong belief in the transformative potential of bringing traditional assets onto blockchain infrastructure.

The Future of Finance: Driven by Tokenized Stocks

Many believe that tokenized stocks represent a core part of finance’s future. Supporters argue that investors, once they experience 24/7 global markets, instant settlements, and crypto-stock integration in unified portfolios, will expect those features as the new norm. Imagine managing all your assets – from Bitcoin to Big Tech to real estate, in one digital wallet, trading at any time, from anywhere.

This vision of seamless, always-on markets drives much of the innovation in tokenization. Even large institutions have started exploring the space. NASDAQ and other exchanges have conducted pilots or announced plans for blockchain-based settlement and tokenized listings. As traditional finance and crypto merge, we may soon see a world where “tokenized stocks” are simply stocks, just trading on blockchain rails.

Looking Ahead: When, Not If

Will tokenized stocks become mainstream? The question likely isn’t if, but when and how. The core idea, making markets more accessible and efficient through technology, aligns with financial innovation’s historical arc. Many experts view tokenized stocks as the next major evolution in finance.

The coming years will likely bring clearer rules, more pilots by traditional exchanges, and hybrid models (such as regulated tokenized shares for after-hours trading). If the technology proves itself secure and compliant, we may soon see the line between stocks and tokenized stocks blur entirely.