The U.S. Crypto Market Structure Bill

The U.S. Crypto Market Structure Bill is shaping up to be the most consequential piece of digital asset legislation to date. Commonly referred to as the CLARITY Act or simply the market structure bill, it aims to resolve one of crypto’s longest-running problems in the United States: regulatory ambiguity.

For years, crypto markets have operated under uncertainty, with projects, exchanges, and investors navigating unclear rules and enforcement-driven oversight. Now, as Congress moves closer to passing a comprehensive framework, the stakes are clear. This bill could determine how Bitcoin, Ethereum, DeFi protocols, and tokenized real-world assets integrate into the U.S. financial system.

Origins of the Bill and Its Core Objective

The Crypto Market Structure Bill builds directly on the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21), which passed the House in the previous Congress and laid the groundwork for a comprehensive digital asset framework. In July 2025, lawmakers expanded on that foundation by passing H.R. 3633, the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025, with strong bipartisan support.

This vote marked a turning point, as it was the first time Congress formally endorsed a scalable framework that distinguishes digital commodities from securities based on objective, technology-driven criteria rather than case-by-case enforcement.

At the same time, Congress advanced parallel legislation addressing stablecoins. The GENIUS Act established a federal framework for dollar-backed stablecoins and was later signed into law by President Donald Trump. That move reinforced a broader legislative shift away from regulatory ambiguity and toward explicit statutory guidance for different segments of the crypto market.

Taken together, these measures reflect a clear change in congressional intent. Rather than allowing agencies to define crypto policy primarily through enforcement actions and court rulings, lawmakers are attempting to set clear rules upfront.

How the Bill Changes Crypto Regulation

The Crypto Market Structure Bill fundamentally restructures how digital assets are regulated in the United States. Rather than relying on enforcement actions and court interpretations, the bill establishes clear statutory rules that define jurisdiction, compliance pathways, and market conduct standards.

Most importantly, it replaces regulatory ambiguity with predictable oversight, which has been the single largest barrier to institutional participation in crypto markets.

1) Clear Division Between the SEC and CFTC

The bill draws a formal boundary between the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. This division determines whether a digital asset falls under securities law or commodity regulation.

Tokens issued on sufficiently decentralized and mature blockchains can qualify as commodities. In practice, this means the CFTC becomes the primary regulator for spot trading of qualifying crypto assets, while the SEC retains authority over securities issuance and investment contracts.

This change directly addresses years of overlap and conflicting interpretations that forced crypto firms to operate without knowing which rules applied.

2) Objective Standards for Token Classification

Instead of subjective tests applied retroactively, the bill introduces objective benchmarks. These include limits on issuer control, validator concentration, and token supply dominance. If no single party controls more than 20 percent of supply or network validation, the asset may qualify as a commodity.

As a result, projects can design decentralization roadmaps with regulatory outcomes in mind rather than reacting to enforcement actions after launch.

3) Defined Compliance Paths for Exchanges and Brokers

The bill creates a federal registration framework for crypto trading platforms, brokers, and dealers that operate in spot markets. It also includes a temporary registration period of up to 360 days, allowing firms to continue operating while adapting systems, disclosures, and controls. This provision reduces disruption risk and encourages onshore compliance rather than regulatory avoidance.

4) Unified Oversight for Hybrid Platforms

Many crypto platforms offer spot trading, derivatives, staking, and custody under one roof. Previously, this structure created jurisdictional conflicts. The bill addresses this by establishing a permanent joint SEC-CFTC committee tasked with coordination, information sharing, and rule harmonization. This joint oversight model aims to reduce duplicative compliance while maintaining market integrity.

5) Stronger Market Integrity Rules

The bill explicitly bans wash trading, customer fund commingling, and deceptive market practices. Centralized exchanges must implement trade surveillance and reporting standards similar to those used in traditional financial markets. For institutional investors, this alignment with familiar safeguards reduces operational and counterparty risk.

Why This Matters for Crypto Market

From a market perspective, regulatory clarity directly changes behavior. Capital allocators, developers, and institutions tend to delay action when legal risk is unclear. Once rules are defined, participation accelerates.

Bitcoin already trades as a de facto commodity in global markets. However, formal recognition under U.S. law would materially reduce regulatory risk for custodians, ETF issuers, banks, and asset managers. As a result, institutional participation could expand beyond passive exposure into lending, derivatives, structured products, and balance-sheet allocations.

Ethereum and other Layer-1 networks may benefit even more. Clear statutory rules reduce the long-standing risk that native tokens are retroactively classified as securities. In turn, this lowers compliance uncertainty for DeFi protocols, staking providers, wallets, and infrastructure operators. With clearer boundaries, developers can design products for U.S. users without relying on legal gray zones.

In addition, regulated pathways for tokenized real-world assets could significantly expand on-chain market size. Treasuries, credit products, commodities, and real estate benefit most from regulatory certainty because issuers and institutions require explicit legal frameworks before moving assets on-chain. Over the next decade, this could shift blockchain activity from speculative trading toward capital markets infrastructure.

Legislative Timeline and Political Reality

Market Expectations and Economic Impact

If Congress passes the bill in its current form, markets are likely to react positively. Institutional investors tend to allocate capital once regulatory risk decreases. Clear rules could accelerate ETF inflows, boost venture funding, and encourage U.S.-based crypto infrastructure development.

Bitcoin benefits first from this shift, but Ethereum, Solana, and other programmable chains could see faster growth in compliant DeFi, RWAs, and on-chain capital markets.

Conversely, if lawmakers water down the bill or introduce heavy compliance burdens for non-custodial protocols, some innovation may move offshore. That outcome could fragment liquidity in the short term before global standards converge.

What Crypto Leaders Are Saying

Key Risks and Open Questions

Despite its progress, the bill carries several meaningful risks that could shape its real-world impact. Overregulation of decentralized finance remains the most cited concern. If compliance requirements treat DeFi protocols as traditional intermediaries, developers may shift activity offshore, reducing U.S.-based innovation and liquidity.

In addition, proposed restrictions on stablecoin yields could weaken consumer adoption and limit the competitiveness of regulated stablecoins versus offshore alternatives. This may unintentionally push users toward less transparent markets.

Implementation risk also remains high. Even if the bill passes in 2026, phased rollouts extending toward 2029 could prolong enforcement uncertainty, forcing firms to operate under transitional rules for years. During this period, inconsistent interpretations across agencies could reintroduce ambiguity.

Conclusion

The U.S. Crypto Market Structure Bill represents a turning point for digital assets. It does not guarantee a bull market, nor does it eliminate risk. However, it marks a decisive shift away from regulatory ambiguity and toward formal integration with the financial system. For crypto markets, this moment signals maturity. The outcome will shape how capital flows, how protocols scale, and how the United States competes globally in blockchain innovation.